The Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, which established England, together with " all the Dominions and Territoryes thereunto belonging", as a republic, had been passed on, following the trial and execution of Charles I in January of that year. Since 1649 and prior to the Protectorate, England, Ireland and later Scotland had been governed as a republic by the Council of State and the Rump Parliament. Main articles: Commonwealth of England and English Council of State
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